%0 Journal Article %J Current opinion in immunology %D 2000 %T Toll signaling pathways in the innate immune response. %A Anderson, K V %K Animals %K Bacterial Infections %K Drosophila %K Drosophila Proteins %K Immune System %K Insect Proteins %K Mammals %K Membrane Glycoproteins %K Models, Immunological %K Mycoses %K Receptors, Cell Surface %K Receptors, Immunologic %K Signal Transduction %K Toll-Like Receptor 4 %K Toll-Like Receptor 5 %K Toll-Like Receptors %N 1 %P 13-9 %V 12 %X The Toll signaling pathway, which is required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in Drosophila embryos, plays an important role in the response of larval and adult Drosophila to microbial infections. Recent genetic evidence has shown that a mammalian Toll-like receptor, mouse Tlr4, is the signal transducing receptor activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Thus, Toll-like receptors appear to detect a variety of microbial components and to trigger a defensive reaction in both Drosophila and mammals. Genetic data from both Drosophila and mice have defined components required for activation of Toll-like receptors and for the downstream pathways activated by the Toll-like receptors. %8 2000 Feb